Architecture

The scheduling architecture of ts-fsrs v6 separates the memory model, time handling, and scheduling policies into Model, Chrono, and Middleware, with Scheduler coordinating their execution.

Responsibilities

Part	Responsibility
Model	Updates memory state with `step` and calculates the baseline interval with `nextInterval`; FSRS-6 tracks stability and difficulty.
Chrono	Defines the time representation and time arithmetic. `dateChrono` uses JavaScript `Date` values and provides time differences and date arithmetic.
Middleware	Adds scheduling policies and can extend config, card, and revlog schemas. Examples include desired retention, learning steps, and maximum interval.
Scheduler	Combines schemas and defaults, validates configuration and inputs, and coordinates operations such as `newCard`, `review`, `preview`, and `rollback`.

Model memory state, such as stability and difficulty, is distinct from card states such as New and Learning. Scheduler and Middleware together manage card learning states and scheduling policies.

Your application selects cards, stores the returned card and revlog, and manages users and collections. The scheduler does not persist results for you.

Scheduler definitions and instances

defineScheduler({ model, chrono }) creates a definition. .use(...) returns a new definition with the added middleware and its inferred types; the original definition remains reusable. .create({ config }) validates a user's configuration and creates an independent scheduler instance.

Reuse the complete definition

Keep the definition, including middleware added with .use(...), at program level. Create instances when user or collection configuration becomes available.

import { const dateChrono: Chrono<{
    readonly time: SRSSchema<{
        input: Date;
        output: Date;
    }>;
    readonly config: SRSSchema<{
        input: {
            readonly fractionalDays?: boolean | undefined;
        };
        output: {
            readonly fractionalDays: boolean;
        };
    }>;
    readonly fields: {
        readonly card: SRSSchema<{
            input: {
                dueAt: Date;
                lastReviewAt?: (Date | null) | undefined;
            };
            output: {
                dueAt: Date;
                lastReviewAt: Date | null;
            };
        }>;
        readonly revlog: SRSSchema<{
            input: {
                dueAt: Date;
                lastReviewAt?: (Date | null) | undefined;
                reviewTime: Date;
            };
            output: {
                dueAt: Date;
                lastReviewAt: Date | null;
                reviewTime: Date;
            };
        }>;
    };
}>
dateChrono, function defineScheduler<const M extends AnyModel, const C extends AnyChrono>(definition: {
    readonly model: M;
    readonly chrono: C;
}): CustomScheduler<SchedulerNameOf<M>, SchedulerEnvFor<M, C, readonly []>, M, C>
defineScheduler, type Rating = 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4
const Rating: Readonly<{
    readonly Manual: 0;
    readonly Again: 1;
    readonly Hard: 2;
    readonly Good: 3;
    readonly Easy: 4;
}>
Rating } from 'ts-fsrs'
import {
  const schedulerDesiredRetentionMiddleware: Middleware<symbol, {
    readonly config: SRSSchema<{
        input: {
            readonly desiredRetention: number | Record<Grade, number>;
        };
        output: {
            readonly desiredRetention: Record<Grade, number>;
        };
    }>;
}>
schedulerDesiredRetentionMiddleware,
  const schedulerMaximumIntervalMiddleware: Middleware<symbol, {
    readonly config: SRSSchema<{
        input: {
            readonly maximumInterval?: number;
        };
        output: {
            readonly maximumInterval: number;
        };
    }>;
}>
Register after learning steps so explicit steps can keep their exact delay.schedulerMaximumIntervalMiddleware,
} from 'ts-fsrs/middlewares'
import { const FSRS6_DEFAULT_WEIGHTS: number[]FSRS6_DEFAULT_WEIGHTS, const FSRS6Model: Model<{
    readonly name: "fsrs-6";
    readonly config: SRSSchema<{
        input: {
            readonly weights: number[];
            readonly enableShortTerm: boolean;
            readonly numRelearningSteps: number;
        };
        output: {
            readonly weights: number[];
            readonly enableShortTerm: boolean;
            readonly numRelearningSteps: number;
        };
    }>;
    readonly memoryState: SRSSchema<{
        input: {
            stability: number;
            difficulty: number;
        };
        output: {
            stability: number;
            difficulty: number;
        };
    }>;
    readonly algorithm: FSRS6Algorithm;
}>
FSRS6Model } from 'ts-fsrs/models/fsrs-6'

// Keep the model, chronology, and policies as a reusable program preset.
const const schedulerDefinition: CustomScheduler<"fsrs-6", ExtendSchedulerEnv<SchedulerEnvFor<Model<{
    readonly name: "fsrs-6";
    readonly config: SRSSchema<{
        input: {
            readonly weights: number[];
            readonly enableShortTerm: boolean;
            readonly numRelearningSteps: number;
        };
        output: {
            readonly weights: number[];
            readonly enableShortTerm: boolean;
            readonly numRelearningSteps: number;
        };
    }>;
    readonly memoryState: SRSSchema<{
        input: {
            stability: number;
            difficulty: number;
        };
        output: {
            stability: number;
            difficulty: number;
        };
    }>;
    readonly algorithm: FSRS6Algorithm;
}>, Chrono<...>, readonly []>, readonly [...]>, Model<...>, Chrono<...>>
schedulerDefinition = defineScheduler<Model<{
    readonly name: "fsrs-6";
    readonly config: SRSSchema<{
        input: {
            readonly weights: number[];
            readonly enableShortTerm: boolean;
            readonly numRelearningSteps: number;
        };
        output: {
            readonly weights: number[];
            readonly enableShortTerm: boolean;
            readonly numRelearningSteps: number;
        };
    }>;
    readonly memoryState: SRSSchema<{
        input: {
            stability: number;
            difficulty: number;
        };
        output: {
            stability: number;
            difficulty: number;
        };
    }>;
    readonly algorithm: FSRS6Algorithm;
}>, Chrono<...>>(definition: {
    ...;
}): CustomScheduler<...>
defineScheduler({
  model: Model<{
    readonly name: "fsrs-6";
    readonly config: SRSSchema<{
        input: {
            readonly weights: number[];
            readonly enableShortTerm: boolean;
            readonly numRelearningSteps: number;
        };
        output: {
            readonly weights: number[];
            readonly enableShortTerm: boolean;
            readonly numRelearningSteps: number;
        };
    }>;
    readonly memoryState: SRSSchema<{
        input: {
            stability: number;
            difficulty: number;
        };
        output: {
            stability: number;
            difficulty: number;
        };
    }>;
    readonly algorithm: FSRS6Algorithm;
}>
model: const FSRS6Model: Model<{
    readonly name: "fsrs-6";
    readonly config: SRSSchema<{
        input: {
            readonly weights: number[];
            readonly enableShortTerm: boolean;
            readonly numRelearningSteps: number;
        };
        output: {
            readonly weights: number[];
            readonly enableShortTerm: boolean;
            readonly numRelearningSteps: number;
        };
    }>;
    readonly memoryState: SRSSchema<{
        input: {
            stability: number;
            difficulty: number;
        };
        output: {
            stability: number;
            difficulty: number;
        };
    }>;
    readonly algorithm: FSRS6Algorithm;
}>
FSRS6Model,
  chrono: Chrono<{
    readonly time: SRSSchema<{
        input: Date;
        output: Date;
    }>;
    readonly config: SRSSchema<{
        input: {
            readonly fractionalDays?: boolean | undefined;
        };
        output: {
            readonly fractionalDays: boolean;
        };
    }>;
    readonly fields: {
        readonly card: SRSSchema<{
            input: {
                dueAt: Date;
                lastReviewAt?: (Date | null) | undefined;
            };
            output: {
                dueAt: Date;
                lastReviewAt: Date | null;
            };
        }>;
        readonly revlog: SRSSchema<{
            input: {
                dueAt: Date;
                lastReviewAt?: (Date | null) | undefined;
                reviewTime: Date;
            };
            output: {
                dueAt: Date;
                lastReviewAt: Date | null;
                reviewTime: Date;
            };
        }>;
    };
}>
chrono: const dateChrono: Chrono<{
    readonly time: SRSSchema<{
        input: Date;
        output: Date;
    }>;
    readonly config: SRSSchema<{
        input: {
            readonly fractionalDays?: boolean | undefined;
        };
        output: {
            readonly fractionalDays: boolean;
        };
    }>;
    readonly fields: {
        readonly card: SRSSchema<{
            input: {
                dueAt: Date;
                lastReviewAt?: (Date | null) | undefined;
            };
            output: {
                dueAt: Date;
                lastReviewAt: Date | null;
            };
        }>;
        readonly revlog: SRSSchema<{
            input: {
                dueAt: Date;
                lastReviewAt?: (Date | null) | undefined;
                reviewTime: Date;
            };
            output: {
                dueAt: Date;
                lastReviewAt: Date | null;
                reviewTime: Date;
            };
        }>;
    };
}>
dateChrono,
}).CustomScheduler<"fsrs-6", SchedulerEnvFor<Model<{ readonly name: "fsrs-6"; readonly config: SRSSchema<{ input: { readonly weights: number[]; readonly enableShortTerm: boolean; readonly numRelearningSteps: number; }; output: { readonly weights: number[]; readonly enableShortTerm: boolean; readonly numRelearningSteps: number; }; }>; readonly memoryState: SRSSchema<{ input: { stability: number; difficulty: number; }; output: { stability: number; difficulty: number; }; }>; readonly algorithm: FSRS6Algorithm; }>, Chrono<...>, readonly []>, Model<...>, Chrono<...>>.use: <readonly [Middleware<symbol, {
    readonly config: SRSSchema<{
        input: {
            readonly desiredRetention: number | Record<Grade, number>;
        };
        output: {
            readonly desiredRetention: Record<Grade, number>;
        };
    }>;
}>, Middleware<symbol, {
    readonly config: SRSSchema<{
        input: {
            readonly maximumInterval?: number;
        };
        output: {
            readonly maximumInterval: number;
        };
    }>;
}>]>(middlewares_0: Middleware<symbol, {
    readonly config: SRSSchema<{
        input: {
            readonly desiredRetention: number | Record<Grade, number>;
        };
        output: {
            readonly desiredRetention: Record<Grade, number>;
        };
    }>;
}>, middlewares_1: Middleware<...>) => CustomScheduler<...>
Returns a new scheduler definition extended with the supplied middleware.
The current scheduler and any cores created from it remain unchanged.use(const schedulerDesiredRetentionMiddleware: Middleware<symbol, {
    readonly config: SRSSchema<{
        input: {
            readonly desiredRetention: number | Record<Grade, number>;
        };
        output: {
            readonly desiredRetention: Record<Grade, number>;
        };
    }>;
}>
schedulerDesiredRetentionMiddleware, const schedulerMaximumIntervalMiddleware: Middleware<symbol, {
    readonly config: SRSSchema<{
        input: {
            readonly maximumInterval?: number;
        };
        output: {
            readonly maximumInterval: number;
        };
    }>;
}>
Register after learning steps so explicit steps can keep their exact delay.schedulerMaximumIntervalMiddleware)

// Supply each user's configuration when creating their scheduler.
const const scheduler: SchedulerCore<SchedulerCoreEnv<ExtendSchedulerEnv<SchedulerEnvFor<Model<{
    readonly name: "fsrs-6";
    readonly config: SRSSchema<{
        input: {
            readonly weights: number[];
            readonly enableShortTerm: boolean;
            readonly numRelearningSteps: number;
        };
        output: {
            readonly weights: number[];
            readonly enableShortTerm: boolean;
            readonly numRelearningSteps: number;
        };
    }>;
    readonly memoryState: SRSSchema<{
        input: {
            stability: number;
            difficulty: number;
        };
        output: {
            stability: number;
            difficulty: number;
        };
    }>;
    readonly algorithm: FSRS6Algorithm;
}>, Chrono<...>, readonly []>, readonly [...]>>, ModelCore<...>, ChronoCore<...>>
scheduler = const schedulerDefinition: CustomScheduler<"fsrs-6", ExtendSchedulerEnv<SchedulerEnvFor<Model<{
    readonly name: "fsrs-6";
    readonly config: SRSSchema<{
        input: {
            readonly weights: number[];
            readonly enableShortTerm: boolean;
            readonly numRelearningSteps: number;
        };
        output: {
            readonly weights: number[];
            readonly enableShortTerm: boolean;
            readonly numRelearningSteps: number;
        };
    }>;
    readonly memoryState: SRSSchema<{
        input: {
            stability: number;
            difficulty: number;
        };
        output: {
            stability: number;
            difficulty: number;
        };
    }>;
    readonly algorithm: FSRS6Algorithm;
}>, Chrono<...>, readonly []>, readonly [...]>, Model<...>, Chrono<...>>
schedulerDefinition.CustomScheduler<"fsrs-6", ExtendSchedulerEnv<SchedulerEnvFor<Model<{ readonly name: "fsrs-6"; readonly config: SRSSchema<{ input: { readonly weights: number[]; readonly enableShortTerm: boolean; readonly numRelearningSteps: number; }; output: { readonly weights: number[]; readonly enableShortTerm: boolean; readonly numRelearningSteps: number; }; }>; readonly memoryState: SRSSchema<{ input: { stability: number; difficulty: number; }; output: { stability: number; difficulty: number; }; }>; readonly algorithm: FSRS6Algorithm; }>, Chrono<...>, readonly []>, readonly [...]>, Model<...>, Chrono<...>>.create: (ctx: {
    readonly config: {
        readonly weights: number[];
        readonly enableShortTerm: boolean;
        readonly numRelearningSteps: number;
    } & {
        readonly fractionalDays?: boolean | undefined;
    } & EmptyPart & {
        readonly desiredRetention: number | Record<Grade, number>;
        readonly maximumInterval?: number | undefined;
    };
}) => SchedulerCore<SchedulerCoreEnv<ExtendSchedulerEnv<SchedulerEnvFor<Model<{
    readonly name: "fsrs-6";
    readonly config: SRSSchema<{
        input: {
            readonly weights: number[];
            readonly enableShortTerm: boolean;
            readonly numRelearningSteps: number;
        };
        output: {
            readonly weights: number[];
            readonly enableShortTerm: boolean;
            readonly numRelearningSteps: number;
        };
    }>;
    readonly memoryState: SRSSchema<{
        input: {
            stability: number;
            difficulty: number;
        };
        output: {
            stability: number;
            difficulty: number;
        };
    }>;
    readonly algorithm: FSRS6Algorithm;
}>, Chrono<...>, readonly []>, readonly [...]>>, ModelCore<...>, ChronoCore<...>>
create({
  config: {
    readonly weights: number[];
    readonly enableShortTerm: boolean;
    readonly numRelearningSteps: number;
} & {
    readonly fractionalDays?: boolean | undefined;
} & EmptyPart & {
    readonly desiredRetention: number | Record<Grade, number>;
    readonly maximumInterval?: number | undefined;
}
config: {
    weights: const FSRS6_DEFAULT_WEIGHTS: number[]FSRS6_DEFAULT_WEIGHTS,
    enableShortTerm: true,
    numRelearningSteps: 1,
    desiredRetention: 0.9,
    maximumInterval: 1,
  },
})

const now = new Date('2026-01-01T00:00:00.000Z')
const const card: {
    stability: number;
    difficulty: number;
    dueAt: Date;
    lastReviewAt: Date | null;
    state: State;
    scheduleStatus: "new" | "learning" | "review";
}
card = const scheduler: SchedulerCore<SchedulerCoreEnv<ExtendSchedulerEnv<SchedulerEnvFor<Model<{
    readonly name: "fsrs-6";
    readonly config: SRSSchema<{
        input: {
            readonly weights: number[];
            readonly enableShortTerm: boolean;
            readonly numRelearningSteps: number;
        };
        output: {
            readonly weights: number[];
            readonly enableShortTerm: boolean;
            readonly numRelearningSteps: number;
        };
    }>;
    readonly memoryState: SRSSchema<{
        input: {
            stability: number;
            difficulty: number;
        };
        output: {
            stability: number;
            difficulty: number;
        };
    }>;
    readonly algorithm: FSRS6Algorithm;
}>, Chrono<...>, readonly []>, readonly [...]>>, ModelCore<...>, ChronoCore<...>>
scheduler.SchedulerCore<SchedulerCoreEnv<ExtendSchedulerEnv<SchedulerEnvFor<Model<{ readonly name: "fsrs-6"; readonly config: SRSSchema<{ input: { readonly weights: number[]; readonly enableShortTerm: boolean; readonly numRelearningSteps: number; }; output: { readonly weights: number[]; readonly enableShortTerm: boolean; readonly numRelearningSteps: number; }; }>; readonly memoryState: SRSSchema<{ input: { stability: number; difficulty: number; }; output: { stability: number; difficulty: number; }; }>; readonly algorithm: FSRS6Algorithm; }>, Chrono<...>, readonly []>, readonly [...]>>, ModelCore<...>, ChronoCore<...>>.newCard: (options?: {
    readonly now?: Date | undefined;
} | undefined) => {
    stability: number;
    difficulty: number;
    dueAt: Date;
    lastReviewAt: Date | null;
    state: State;
    scheduleStatus: "new" | "learning" | "review";
}
newCard({ now })
const const result: {
    card: {
        stability: number;
        difficulty: number;
        dueAt: Date;
        lastReviewAt: Date | null;
        state: State;
        scheduleStatus: "new" | "learning" | "review";
    };
    revlog: {
        stability: number;
        difficulty: number;
        dueAt: Date;
        lastReviewAt: Date | null;
        reviewTime: Date;
        state: State;
        scheduleStatus: "new" | "learning" | "review";
        rating: Grade;
    };
}
result = const scheduler: SchedulerCore<SchedulerCoreEnv<ExtendSchedulerEnv<SchedulerEnvFor<Model<{
    readonly name: "fsrs-6";
    readonly config: SRSSchema<{
        input: {
            readonly weights: number[];
            readonly enableShortTerm: boolean;
            readonly numRelearningSteps: number;
        };
        output: {
            readonly weights: number[];
            readonly enableShortTerm: boolean;
            readonly numRelearningSteps: number;
        };
    }>;
    readonly memoryState: SRSSchema<{
        input: {
            stability: number;
            difficulty: number;
        };
        output: {
            stability: number;
            difficulty: number;
        };
    }>;
    readonly algorithm: FSRS6Algorithm;
}>, Chrono<...>, readonly []>, readonly [...]>>, ModelCore<...>, ChronoCore<...>>
scheduler.SchedulerCore<SchedulerCoreEnv<ExtendSchedulerEnv<SchedulerEnvFor<Model<{ readonly name: "fsrs-6"; readonly config: SRSSchema<{ input: { readonly weights: number[]; readonly enableShortTerm: boolean; readonly numRelearningSteps: number; }; output: { readonly weights: number[]; readonly enableShortTerm: boolean; readonly numRelearningSteps: number; }; }>; readonly memoryState: SRSSchema<{ input: { stability: number; difficulty: number; }; output: { stability: number; difficulty: number; }; }>; readonly algorithm: FSRS6Algorithm; }>, Chrono<...>, readonly []>, readonly [...]>>, ModelCore<...>, ChronoCore<...>>.review: (input: {
    readonly card: Readonly<Omit<Readonly<Omit<Readonly<{
        stability: number;
        difficulty: number;
    } & {
        dueAt: Date;
        lastReviewAt: Date | null;
    } & SchedulerCoreFields$1<"new" | "learning" | "review">>, keyof SchedulerCoreFields$1<"new" | "learning" | "review">> & SchedulerCoreFields$1<"new" | "learning" | "review">>, keyof SchedulerCoreFields$1<"new" | "learning" | "review">> & SchedulerCoreFields$1<"new" | "learning" | "review">>;
    readonly grade: Grade;
    readonly now?: Date | undefined;
}) => {
    ...;
}
review({ card, grade: const Rating: Readonly<{
    readonly Manual: 0;
    readonly Again: 1;
    readonly Hard: 2;
    readonly Good: 3;
    readonly Easy: 4;
}>
Rating.Good, now })

console.log(
  JSON.stringify(
    {
      originalState: const card: {
    stability: number;
    difficulty: number;
    dueAt: Date;
    lastReviewAt: Date | null;
    state: State;
    scheduleStatus: "new" | "learning" | "review";
}
card.state,
      state: const result: {
    card: {
        stability: number;
        difficulty: number;
        dueAt: Date;
        lastReviewAt: Date | null;
        state: State;
        scheduleStatus: "new" | "learning" | "review";
    };
    revlog: {
        stability: number;
        difficulty: number;
        dueAt: Date;
        lastReviewAt: Date | null;
        reviewTime: Date;
        state: State;
        scheduleStatus: "new" | "learning" | "review";
        rating: Grade;
    };
}
result.card: {
    stability: number;
    difficulty: number;
    dueAt: Date;
    lastReviewAt: Date | null;
    state: State;
    scheduleStatus: "new" | "learning" | "review";
}
card.state,
      dueAt: const result: {
    card: {
        stability: number;
        difficulty: number;
        dueAt: Date;
        lastReviewAt: Date | null;
        state: State;
        scheduleStatus: "new" | "learning" | "review";
    };
    revlog: {
        stability: number;
        difficulty: number;
        dueAt: Date;
        lastReviewAt: Date | null;
        reviewTime: Date;
        state: State;
        scheduleStatus: "new" | "learning" | "review";
        rating: Grade;
    };
}
result.card: {
    stability: number;
    difficulty: number;
    dueAt: Date;
    lastReviewAt: Date | null;
    state: State;
    scheduleStatus: "new" | "learning" | "review";
}
card.dueAt,
      stability: const result: {
    card: {
        stability: number;
        difficulty: number;
        dueAt: Date;
        lastReviewAt: Date | null;
        state: State;
        scheduleStatus: "new" | "learning" | "review";
    };
    revlog: {
        stability: number;
        difficulty: number;
        dueAt: Date;
        lastReviewAt: Date | null;
        reviewTime: Date;
        state: State;
        scheduleStatus: "new" | "learning" | "review";
        rating: Grade;
    };
}
result.card: {
    stability: number;
    difficulty: number;
    dueAt: Date;
    lastReviewAt: Date | null;
    state: State;
    scheduleStatus: "new" | "learning" | "review";
}
card.stability,
      rating: const result: {
    card: {
        stability: number;
        difficulty: number;
        dueAt: Date;
        lastReviewAt: Date | null;
        state: State;
        scheduleStatus: "new" | "learning" | "review";
    };
    revlog: {
        stability: number;
        difficulty: number;
        dueAt: Date;
        lastReviewAt: Date | null;
        reviewTime: Date;
        state: State;
        scheduleStatus: "new" | "learning" | "review";
        rating: Grade;
    };
}
result.revlog: {
    stability: number;
    difficulty: number;
    dueAt: Date;
    lastReviewAt: Date | null;
    reviewTime: Date;
    state: State;
    scheduleStatus: "new" | "learning" | "review";
    rating: Grade;
}
revlog.rating,
    },
    null,
    2
  )
)

This example deliberately caps the interval at one day. The model still computes stability as 2.3065; the maximum-interval policy changes the due date to January 2. The original card stays New, while the returned card is Review. This small preset has no learning-step middleware, statistics, or fuzzing.

Follow a review

Pass card, grade, and now to review. The scheduler validates the input and uses Chrono to calculate elapsed time.
Middleware runs around the core operation. Desired-retention middleware supplies the retention target before the interval is calculated.
The core operation calculates the next memory state and calls the model for a baseline interval when needed. Middleware can supply or adjust the final scheduling interval.
After the chain returns, the scheduler uses Chrono to calculate dueAt from the review time and final interval and returns a new card and revlog. The card contains the next memory state; the revlog retains the previous memory state and this review's rating and time.

Middleware order

For .use(A, B), when each review handler calls next(), the execution order is:

A before next() → B before next() → core → B after next() → A after next()

Code before next() prepares the operation; code after it sees the result of downstream handlers. Registration order therefore affects which policy has the final say. In this example, desired retention is set before the core runs, and maximum interval clamps the result afterward. When adding learning steps, register maximum-interval middleware after learning-step middleware. The learning-step middleware restores the configured learning interval on the return path, preventing day-based interval policies from overriding it.

Continue with state transitions for card lifecycle behavior, or FSRS-6 formulas for the mathematics.

#Architecture

#Responsibilities

#Scheduler definitions and instances

#Follow a review

#Middleware order

Architecture

Responsibilities

Scheduler definitions and instances

Follow a review

Middleware order